Decolonization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Decolonization - Essay Example This infers the colonizers were beginning to see imperialism as a negative perspective since it prompted brutality and pulverization of economies inside the involved nations. This is on the grounds that the colonizers were after the crude materials and the wealth in the settlements. What's more, the supreme countries couldn't make forfeits that were generally described with war so as to look after settlements. In different cases, decolonization occurred on the grounds that the majestic countries had lost their military esteem, which was for the most part lost during wars that the imperials lost. In addition, there was expanded need to free individuals so as to permit them to build up self-rule in spite of the fact that this was joined by deceives and terrible arrangements as the colonizing countries endeavored to keep holding the nations as settlements. The individuals themselves additionally needed to get self-decide that must be set up if decolonization happened first. These countr ies battled compelling the majestic countries to pull back. These reasons among others prompted decolonization. We show worry with the issue of decolonization due to one key explanation. This is the verifiable point of view. Here, individuals can just comprehend why today’s world is as it is a result of realizing what occurred before. Obtaining point of view on the past events just as the impacts of colonization causes the advanced ages to grasp why today’s world capacities in the manner it does just as comprehend the start of present day connections between countries.

Abe Lincoln1 essays

Abe Lincoln1 papers History Essay The United Sates announced its autonomy from Great Britain on July 4, 1776. Extraordinary Britain didn't perceive its freedom until, the Treaty of Paris, two years after the American powers crushed the Britain armed force at the attack of Yorktown. Since the Articles of Confederation were supplanted by the U.S. Constitution in 1789, the United States has had forty-two unique presidents. Among these presidents, two of the best have were George Washington, and Abraham Lincoln. This article will demonstrate that George Washington was the best U.S. leader ever. There are sure qualities that great presidents have. It is said that acceptable presidents are consistently obstinate and repulsive. 1 Along with those two characteristics great presidents are keen, benevolent, dedicated, great communicators, great audience members, great critical thinking strategies, assurance, and they can perceive issues. George Washingtons ascend to control began in 1732 when he was conceived, in Westmoreland, Virginia on his dads ranch. He lived until 1799, when he kicked the bucket at the age of sixty-seven. He filled in as president from 1789 tossed until 1797. When growing up, George got the majority of his training from his dad and more established sibling. At the point when he was 17 he was named the assessor of Culpeper County, this was the primary open office position he held.2 When Washington was done reviewing, in November of 1752, he was named the aide in the frontier volunteer army. His first strategic not come until the accompanying summer, when he elected to take a message from Governor, to the French authority. Following this crucial was brought to the rulers consideration, and he was given a lieutenant colonels commission.3 Washington demonstrated his resistance to Britain began in 1759 when he turned into an individual from Virginias House of Burgesses. He was known to be timid and reserved4 yet he restricted the British principles and re... <!

Six Useful Tips for Surviving the University Exam Season

Six Useful Tips for Surviving the University Exam Season Six Useful Tips for Surviving the University Exam Season By Shannon Clark Exam season is now upon us, and it can be easy to feel overwhelmed at the thought of your finals being just around the corner. After all, this time of the year is often associated with all-night study sessions, endless cups of coffee and a severe lack of social life, but it needn’t be that way. This is exactly why we’ve put together six simple, but useful, tips to help you survive this year’s university exam period. Write down your schedule As soon as your exam schedule comes in, write it down and pin it up to your wall. There is nothing more stress-inducing than realizing you’ve forgotten an exam because your phone had a glitch and you lost your timetable. Write down every single detail â€" from the location of the exam to the date and time. Don’t isolate yourself Talking to your friends during this intense time can be a great way of relieving stress â€" whether you’re talking about the latest soap or ranting about the exams themselves. Humans are social beings, so locking yourself away for a month is going to do you no good at all. Give yourself something to look forward to Revise too much and you’ll find yourself burning out. Socialize too much and you’ll find yourself cramming at the last minute and getting unnecessarily stressed. Give yourself something to look forward to and you’ll find yourself feeling far more motivated to get the work done.   Avoid the temptation of junk food It can be really tempting to reach for foods that are convenient when you’re short for time, but you’ll soon find yourself feeling lethargic and unmotivated if you exist solely on a diet of cereals, pot noodles, and takeaways during your exams. Instead, plan ahead and buy in foods that are known for their slow release energy, such as wholegrains and fresh vegetables. Don’t skip on sleep You’re no good to anyone, least of all yourself, if you’re exhausted. Revising late into the night might seem like the only way you can get through your hefty to-do list, but you’ll find yourself feeling hazy and unfocused the next day. Stick to a regular schedule and switch off your lights at a reasonable time at night. Don’t worry about what others are doing Stress can do funny things to people but it’s important to not focus on what other people are doing as you approach your final exams. What works for your friend may not work for you. Stick to your guns, follow the tips above, and remember, in a few weeks you’ll be able to get back to normal (and start planning for summer!). Shannon Clark writes for Inspiring Interns, which specializes in sourcing candidates for  internships  and  graduate jobs. You can find more of her writing at www.shannonlclark.com and www.sweetserendipityblog.co.uk. Lead image:  Bro. Jeffrey Pioquinto, SJ (Flickr)

African Slaves During The Nineteenth Century - 1474 Words

In the mid seventeenth century, Europeans settled in North America. They turned Africans they stole into slaves as a less expensive, more ample work source than the contracted hirelings. After 1619, when a Dutch ship conveyed 20 Africans to Jamestown, Virginian, servitude spread all through the American provinces. In the seventeenth and eighteenth hundreds of years, dark slaves worked chiefly on the tobacco, rice and indigo estates of the southern drift. After the American Revolution (1775-1783), numerous homesteaders started to connect the abuse of black slaves to their own particular persecution by the British, and to require subjugation s annulment. The English inclusion in the transoceanic slave exchange was, until as of late, a subject regularly brushed away from plain view. The possibility of a large number of African slaves going through British ports in loathsome conditions stays obnoxious to most yet the reality remains that the Caribbean and north African slave exchange of the eighteenth century was viably a British creation. Despite the fact that the correct number of British ships that exchanged slaves for sugar and different wares will most likely never be known, it is evaluated that the British boats conveyed 3.4 million or more subjugated Africans to the Americas. The business went from quality to quality, with benefits from the slave exchange filling British pockets. Boundless imperviousness to the slave exchange was at first rare. An out of the picture,Show MoreRelatedAfrican American Slaves During The Eighteenth And Nineteenth Century1980 Words   |  8 Pageswas one of the many hopes that African American slave s had during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Manumission was not only a way to freedom for slaves, but also a way for many slaveholders to rid, of their older slaves who were no longer useful. To say that manumission was agreed upon all states and slave-owners would be an understatement. Not all states or slave-owners thought of manumission as being a good or equal trade for a slave’s duty of work. To many slave owners manumission was disfavoredRead MoreThe United Colonies And Its Effects On Trade And Illegal Activities Were Spreading Across The New Land1150 Words   |  5 PagesThere were two types of societies that existed, the Maroons and the Buccaneers. The first type was made up of struggling settlers that had violent tendencies, plantiers, exasperated officials, slaves, and free persons of color. The second type was considered as a trans-frontier group to include, Maroons, slave escapees to defiant freebooters (Buccaneers). The Maroons formed a successful surrog ate to the Europeans. They developed fierce personalities with great diverse leadership. Among a Maroons communityRead MoreWest Africa during the Nineteenth Century1563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Atlantic slave trade was abolished by the British parliament in 1807. This caused great problems for West African slave traders who had witnessed a period of vast growth in the industry towards the end of the eighteenth century. They now had to focus on more lawful, legitimate means of trading. The types of industry that often replaced the slave trade were produce based, agricultural goods such as palm oil. The potential problems faced by traders were ‘exacerbated by the fact that it coincidedRead MoreReshaping Slavery to Make it Legal for Muslims Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pageswithin the Southern Iranian and Persian Gulf Region during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries resulting in fresh demands for imported labour to work in the Gulf pots, in the coastal villages and in local m ilitia. The East African slave trade provided the temporary labour until the First World War.†2 It is remarkable the combination of several forms of slavery and coerced labor in the labor market.3 The economic change and the rising demand of slaves from East Africa had several impacts in the supplyRead MoreA Relationship Between Nature And The Market During The Nineteenth Century Essay727 Words   |  3 PagesIn Chapter 6, Nature and the Market in the Nineteenth Century, of Carolyn Merchant’s Major Problems in American Environmental History, we as readers are introduced to the relationship between nature and the market during the nineteenth century. This chapter contains essays from other authors that help to depict this relationship and each essay relates to the documents that begin the chapter. Nature and the market have a stark relationship during this time period due to the rise of capitalism thatRead MoreThe Enormity Of Slavery By Fredrick Douglas859 Words   |à ‚  4 Pagesterm slavery emerged during the early 1620s when the first known Africans were dropped off by a Dutch ship (38). The role of slavery played a key role in the political, economical, social, and cultural aspect of the United States, especially the South. The institution of slavery was essential to every characteristic that helped mold the United States from the sixteenth century on to the nineteenth century. Throughout the colonial and antebellum period, the majority of slaves lived in the South. AfterRead MoreSlavery as the Cause of the American Civil War Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pages what caused such internal tension within the most powerful nation in the world? During the nineteenth century, America was an infant nation, but toppling the entire world with its social, political, and economic innovations. In addition, immigrants were migrating from their native land to live the American dream (Roark 405-407). Meanwhile, hundreds of thousand African slaves were being traded in the domestic slave trade throughout the American south. Separated from their family, living in inhumaneRead MoreKingdom of Matthias: Women in the 19th Century1250 Words   |  5 PagesIn the nineteenth century, the legal rights of women and men were highly affected by gender and race, both positively and negatively. In the book, â€Å"Kingdom of Matthias,† by Paul Johnson and Simon Wilentz, they describe the life of two females, Isabella Van Wagenen and Isabella Matthews Laisdell which whom were affected by slavery and high influences of higher power from men. In the nineteenth century it was believed that males were to support the family by working and earning a wage as a husbandRead MoreForces for and against Black Freedom731 Words   |  3 Pages Forces for Against Black Freedom The era of eighteenth and ninetieth century was full of uncertainty and fear for many. It is the results of decisions that were taken during this period which not only helped in shaping the America today but also changed the outlook of many other countries. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there were many forces and institutions activate who were playing role in the freedom of blacks. Other than the international forces, the most influential institutionsRead MoreThe Division Of The Nineteenth Century1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe Perpetuated Division in the Nineteenth Century The nineteenth century was an era that a lot of memorable history events had happened. Race, place, gender and class have been perpetuated in this century and have influenced the society from then. White people were obviously living better than black people; big cities always offered more opportunities and chances for people to find jobs; males were admittedly getting jobs easier and having higher salaries than females at that time; people who were

Overpopulation and the Environment We Must Act Now Essay

Overpopulation and the Environment: We Must Act Now Is the planet doomed? The short answer is no, were not doomed, since the verb implies inevitability. (1) Population is not growing everywhere, and the areas where growth rates are near zero or even negative (such as the United States and Western Europe) provide clues to addressing the problem in other regions. The longer answer to the doom question is that growing population is a problem that left unsolved could indeed have very harmful effects, both on the environment and our current life styles. However, controlling population growth rates is a relatively simple task compared to the even more critical problem of curbing seemingly insatiable desires for consumption. It is the quest†¦show more content†¦If markets are working properly (which is a separate problem), the price of a resource will rise as that resource becomes scarcer. Rising prices encourage people to switch their consumption patterns away from the scarce resource towards a cheaper substitute resource. Price in creases also stimulate research that may produce technologies that can allow people to do more with the same amount of resources. Although there is not always a tech-fix, sometimes there is. More importantly, rising prices can make existing technologies relatively cheap enough to be viable. For instance, a rise in the price of oil may make hybrid cars relatively cheaper, allowing them to become more widespread. The other failing of these pessimistic models is in their conclusion that continuing population growth is inevitable. A phenomenon called the demographic transition (5) has been observed to occur as nations develop and standards of living rise. Before a nation develops, birth and death rates are generally steady, with the birthrate slightly higher and a low rate of population growth. As development begins, death rates fall sharply (because of increased health care) but birthrates remain steady, causing increasing population growth rates. During the demographic transition, further development and rising standards of living accompany a decliningShow MoreRelated Pollution and Environment Essay - We Must Act Now to Solve the Problem of Overpopulation1867 Words   |  8 PagesWe Must Act Now to Solve the Problem of Overpopulation      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1804 for the first time in the history of humanity more than one billion people were living on Earth. Then in 1927, 123 years later, the Earths population surpassed two billion. Another billion was added by 1960, another in 1974, and another-bringing the total to over five billion-in 1987. Estimates are that the Earths population will surpass six billion in 1999 and reach nine billion people in the year 2054-250 years afterRead MoreThe Great Human Tumor : Earth s Human Overpopulation Crisis1357 Words   |  6 PagesTumor: Earth’s Human Overpopulation Crisis The best-selling novel by â€Å"DaVinci Code† author Dan Brown â€Å"Inferno† has a plot that is driven by the human overpopulation crisis. Brown depicts a mad scientist that believes he can rid the world of the majority of its health and environmental issues by simply purging the world of two-thirds of its population. But is the assertion brought forth by Brown’s antagonist that far from the truth? When we look at the effects of human overpopulation on food, air qualityRead MoreOverpopulation And The Problem Of Overpopulation1388 Words   |  6 PagesTo begin with, in demography, the term overpopulation refers to a condition wherein the total population of a particular region far exceeds the carrying capacity of the region. Although the term by and large refers to the ratio between population and the available area, the ratio between the population and available resources cannot be ignored. First, the rate at which the population is growing; the data compiled by the United Nations shows that the world population grew by 30 percent betweenRead MoreHuman Population Growth And The Environment Essay1281 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation growth has exploded in recent years and the impact to the environment is what I am going to describe in this paper. I am going to explain the issues population has caused as well as the biblical principles for environmental stewardship. Next I will describe important factors that contribute to the issues that population growth brings to the environment. I will then describe the effect population has on people and the environment. Finally, I will explain a long term strategy with cost and benefitRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1635 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is overpopulation? Overpopulation has been defined as a situation where the number of people in an environment exhausts all available resources weakening its needed support. (Mors e Mosher) For years there have been reports of how many people are expected to live on earth by the year 2050, 2075, and so on. However, the question remains as to whether everyone will have a secured spot. Today, in 2017 there have been plenty of fights with the scarcity of resources, where overpopulation becomesRead MoreHunting Is An Essential Component Of Conservation944 Words   |  4 Pagesearly 1900s, when many wildlife species were almost near extinction, hunters stepped forward and asked Congress to impose an excise tax on the sale of firearms and ammunition products to help fund wildlife conservation in the United States. Another act that came into effect was the Conservation Movement. The conservation movement covers the movement to preserve and protect America’s wildlife, the lands, and other natural resources. A lot of hunters hunt for one purpose and that is to feed their familiesRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Margaret H. Sanger s The Children s Era992 Words à ‚  |  4 PagesSanger’s â€Å"The Children’s Era† Speech â€Å"Before you can cultivate a garden, you must know something about gardening.† This quote is from Margaret Sanger’s â€Å"The Children’s Era† speech given in 1925. Sanger believed that nurturing children is an art and has to be done properly in order for the children to be successful. In this illuminating speech, Margaret Sanger illustrated the lack of birth control options and overpopulation of unwanted children in order to persuade the people of New York, along withRead MoreThe Illegal Situation : America Is The Land Of Opportunity939 Words   |  4 Pagesinstill stricter regulations when it comes to enforcing and protecting our borders; the uncontrolled flow of illegal immigrants into the U.S. is undermining our economy, contributing to the amount of crime in the country, and taking a toll on the environment. The United States has the largest number of illegals: approximately 11 million (Hunter, 2013). Going through the proper procedures for immigr ants to enter the country will help ease the transition and minimize its effects, for the immigrants themselvesRead MoreOverpopulation And Its Effects On Our Environment Essay2266 Words   |  10 PagesAccording to, Overpopulation ‘is main threat to planet’, the population is said to reach 9 billion by 2050. The overpopulation of humans is causing destructive impacts on our environment and a high demand for resources. One destructive impact would be climate change because of the exceeding rate of humans causing pollution in the air. While the earth is having a tough time sustaining particular resources, the high demand causes the earth to force to get its nonrenewable resources. Overpopulation can leadRead MoreEssay on The Devastating Effects of Overpopulation2046 Words   |  9 PagesThe Devastating Effects of Overpopulation    Imagine living in a world where darkness reigns continually due to a dense cover of toxic air pollution which blocks most sunlight.   Starvation and death from the lack of energy resources is widespread and the people who have not perished yet live packed together, in overcrowded communities surrounded by waste and filth.   This grotesque picture of future life on earth may seem far-fetched but with the continued rise in population and the abuse of

Video Games Are Not Responsible For Creating Social And...

With new and advanced technology changing lives everyday, people express their opinions on certain subjects, and there are heavy debates about them. One of these debatable subjects is video games. Video games have been an issue for a long time now. Do they or do they not create social and/or emotional problems? Personally, I think that video games are a really big issue. Video games create social and emotional problems, leading to a significant rise in violence among children and adults. Others argue that video games are not responsible for creating social or emotional problems and can instead help children and benefit them. After observing the opposing side of this argument, my mind has still not changed. Video games create social and emotional problems in today’s society. More and more scenes of violence are being drilled into the brains of innocent children, and no one is doing anything to stop it. Children are spending countless hours playing video games and consuming th eir contents. As many as ninety seven percent of the kids in the US ranged from ages 12-17 play video games, contributing to the twenty two billion dollar domestic video game industry (Do Violent Video Games Contribute to Youth Violence?). More than half of the fifty top-selling video games contain violence (Do Violent Video Games Contribute to Youth Violence?). Research also showed that children from ages 7-12 routinely played games rated M for mature audiences, which was the most violent andShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Technology On Human And Animal Life1067 Words   |  5 Pagesto capture and explain the reason for the collapse of western civilization, he makes an assumption that modern technology is destroying civilization. In the contemporary world, there are so many environmental problems that have already appeared and can be attributed to technology. The problems include overpopulation, pollution, greenhouse gas effects and nuclear flotsam. The author suggests these factors will become more serious in future. Therefore, people s intrinsic greediness and undying and everlastingRead MoreVideo Games Affecting Youth1177 Words   |  5 Pageschildren today spend most of their time playing video games and this could reflect a negative role in a child’s bad behaviors. Nearly all children, especially in the United States, have or have had a video game console or some type of electronic device that contain video games. Video games in general are not to be blamed but a certain category that majority of the gamers play is called violent video games. Adolescents and children are revealed to violent games could have a bad influence which should beRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Young Children, Teenagers, And Adults1297 Words   |  6 Pagesas at least the 50s, there have been people outraged by violence in the media. Whether in video games, books, radio, music, or television, there is always someone or something to blame for the violence. Violence is ev erywhere in the media , there is no disagreeing with that. Whether it be movies, television, video games, or music, there will always be violence, but blaming it on movies, television, video games, or music is not the answer. If blame needs to be placed why are the parent of the childrenRead MoreIncreasing Violence Amongst Youth1420 Words   |  6 Pagesrejection of traditional values are a part of normal development (www.eurowrc.org ). As a functionalist would agree, deviance is necessary to set guidelines, and the boundaries between right and wrong. As an adolescent enters adulthood, becomes more responsible for his/her actions, establishes healthy relationships with others, delinquent behavior diminishes (www.eurowrc.org). Violence and aggressive behavior have always been a part of society, so why it is receiving so much attention these days? PerhapsRead MoreSoftware Architecture Vision : Gaming Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pagesreported are: In 2016, the US games market will be worth $23.6 billion, with 179 million people playing games – 61% of the online population. Almost 60% of US gamers pay for games, spending an average of $224 a year. Console gaming is by far the biggest segment in the US, with revenues of $11.4 billion in 2016. The US mobile games market will reach $6.8 billion with the PC market generating $5.4 billion. (Newzoo Infographics, 2016) Possibilities of Fantasy Games with New Software ArchitectureRead MoreA Balanced View Of Gaming And Social Behavior1827 Words   |  8 PagesA balanced view of Gaming and Social Behavior Video games are the single largest new source of media consumption. 91% of children in the United States between the ages of 2 and 17 play video games (NPD Group). Playing videogames is far more evenly distributed than portrayed in movies and television. A nationally representative study of teenagers in the United States found that up to 99% of boys and 94% of girls partake in some form of videogames (Lenhart et al, 2008). This massive new trend has ledRead MoreCoca Cola s Big Game Commercial Appeals1111 Words   |  5 Pagesabout a certain situation. Some commercials show that hateful words are used every day on the internet, and are hurting the teens around the world every time they are posted for everyone to see. Like similar ads during the Super Bowl, Coca Cola’s Big Game commercial appeals to viewers through visuals and emotions, as well as incorporating the use of normal people as characters experiencing very common situations. The advertisement begins with flashing screens of hateful messages on the internet. ItRead More Media Violence and the Violent Male Adolescent Essays2229 Words   |  9 PagesMedia Violence and the Violent Male Adolescent      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My research led me to form some new hypotheses on the correlation of violence in the media, namely television, movies, and video games, to the rise in violent behavior in adolescents. For this essay, I will focus on male adolescents. I will use multiple lenses for my research to (1) establish the increase in violent acts by adolescents in the past two decades; (2) use proven research to show the impact of media violence on the individual;Read MoreTechnology Brings Us Too Much Convenience1566 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology Brings Us Too Much Convenience The increasing development of technology has brought modern people efficiency and convenience, yet the growth of technological advancements has negatively influenced the social interactions of individuals because it isolates them from reality, hinders communication, and perpetuates the concept of immediate satisfaction. The technological era is a symbol of highly commercialistic and well-developed society because it costs ultimate knowledge and money toRead More Benefits of Playing Video Games Essay1789 Words   |  8 PagesVideo games have been argued about for decades. Some people have argued that video games are linked to violence. However, new research shows that video games can be used for therapeutic purposes, exercise, stress relievers, positive interactive learning, hand eye coordination, and different types of patient treatment for people all around the world. When playing video games, the coordination and concentration can physically, socially, and mentally benefit the user. Research today shows that

Sanskrit literature Essay Example For Students

Sanskrit literature Essay Many believe that any contextual statement can be made context independent by mentioning its conditions explicitly. For example, the statement, All Indians are Hindus is context dependent but when I restate it as The Agarwals living in Vasant Valley, Mumbai, India are Hindus, it looks like an absolute truth. But I am not satisfied with such a theory because it is just a play of words. Moreover, the objects in the sentence are not absolute. The meaning of the sentence may be absolute but this is insignificant in the broader perspective. Thus, my absolute truth primarily focuses on the objects and not the meaning of sentences. After extensive research on the existence of absolute truth, the only definition of absolute truth that has satisfied me is the one given in the Upanishads(6). They state that the absolute truth is atman or the self, which is hidden in every object of creation including man and is the microcosm, representing the macrocosm in each of us. The Katha Upanishad(7) states, Know the Self as Lord of Chariot, the body as chariot itself, the buddhi (brain) as charioteer, the mind as reins and senses as horses'. This statement of the Katha Upanishad tries to convey that self is the absolute truth. We fail to realize that the self is a silent partner in all our deeds and quests of knowledge. Its existence is not contextual. It has been rightly said in Isha Upanishad(8), The seeker prays to Brahman, The face of truth is hidden behind your golden lid. May you remove the lid so that I may see the Golden Truth! And when the request is granted and the splendour manifests Itself in him he, submerged in pure bliss, lets out these words, In truth I am Him. This is the ultimate truth. The self is Lord himself, eternal and context independent. I hope that I have been successful in showing that a contextual account of truth is not only convincing and logical but also leads to a development of a science of truth. It provides the missing half of the picture of truth that is not explicitly evident but is essential for a true truth! On the other hand, the existence of absolute truths in itself is a big question mark. As aforementioned, I could find convincing explanations on its existence only in the Hindu scriptures and have tried my best to do justice to what these scriptures have to convey. (Word count (excluding title, this statement and whatever follows): 1600) Source Citations and supplementary information 1- Author of How to Get a 2:1 in Media Communication and Cultural Studies. 2- In mathematical logic, the Peano axioms, also known as the Dedekind-Peano axioms or the Peano postulates, are a set of axioms for the natural numbers presented by the 19th century Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano. 3- Definition taken from Merrian-Webster. 4- Definition taken from Wikipedia. 5- Theory of Knowledge (2nd edition) by Nicholas Alchin. 6- The Upanishads are Hindu scriptures that constitute the core teachings of Vedanta. They do not belong to any particular period of Sanskrit literature: the oldest, such as the Brhadaranyaka and Chandogya Upanishads, date to the late Brahmana period (around the middle of the first millennium BCE), while the latest were composed in the medieval and early modern period. The Upanishads realize monist ideas, some of which were hinted at in the earlier texts, and they have exerted an important influence on the rest of Hindu Philosophy. 7- The Katha Upanishad is one of the mukhya primary Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. It is a relatively late text of the Black Yajurveda, and propounds a dualistic philosophy. .ub978319978beaef6121b30af40e0e623 , .ub978319978beaef6121b30af40e0e623 .postImageUrl , .ub978319978beaef6121b30af40e0e623 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub978319978beaef6121b30af40e0e623 , .ub978319978beaef6121b30af40e0e623:hover , .ub978319978beaef6121b30af40e0e623:visited , .ub978319978beaef6121b30af40e0e623:active { border:0!important; } .ub978319978beaef6121b30af40e0e623 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub978319978beaef6121b30af40e0e623 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub978319978beaef6121b30af40e0e623:active , .ub978319978beaef6121b30af40e0e623:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub978319978beaef6121b30af40e0e623 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub978319978beaef6121b30af40e0e623 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub978319978beaef6121b30af40e0e623 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub978319978beaef6121b30af40e0e623 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub978319978beaef6121b30af40e0e623:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub978319978beaef6121b30af40e0e623 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub978319978beaef6121b30af40e0e623 .ub978319978beaef6121b30af40e0e623-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub978319978beaef6121b30af40e0e623:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The character in "An Inspector Calls" EssayIt figures as number 3 in the Muktika canon of 108 Upanishads. It consists of two chapters, each of which has three Vallis or sections. It has some passages in common with the Gita. 8- The Isha Upanishad is significant amongst the Upanishads for its description of the nature of the supreme being (Ish). The Isha Upanishad is one of the shortest of the Upanishads, consisting of 17 or 18 verses in total. The Upanishad appears in the final chapter (adhyaya) of the Shukla Yajurveda, but is historically one of the latest of the principal (mukhya) Upanishads, dating approximately to Mauryan times.

Morningrise by Opeth free essay sample

We head back a couple albums into the more brutal side of Opeth. By then, Opeth have released two albums in total and with Candlelight Records that seem more brutal than what most Opethians are well used to by now. From the aponimous debut Orchid represent who they were, a more diverse force of nature, and, much like YouTube, too many jump cuts. Then Morningrise comes to say hello with longer tracks, fewer tracks, and more brutality than Orchid. Morningrise is Opeth`s second album ever. Morningrise does seem to share lots of similarities to its father album Orchid due to it being brutal as #$@ and excessively long tracks. However, they uped both of the factors I just mentioned and created something that only includes five tracks and over an hour of long lasting chaos. Within this madness we also get the final tracks Black Rose Immortal and To Bid You Farewell the former of which is the longest Opeth song to date at well over 20 minutes. We will write a custom essay sample on Morningrise by Opeth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The other three tracks: Advent, The Night and The Silent Water, and Nectar; are well put together and have some of the most jarring moments in music history. Take this as an example: say you have to go to school in 10 minutes but then you hear they very soft transition from Advent to The Night and the Silent Water. You feel very intrigued to the point where you wish to finish this album all the way through before going anywhere else. You dont care if youre late to class or late for the bus, you must finish this first! That is what it feels like, and there are many more to keep you interested so it never truly gets boring and stale. Plus think about it, a 20 minute Opeth song. That sounds like Heaven to me! While it may still feel like, well, not Opeth, do give this a try. Besides, Mikael was also in death metal band Bloodbath for a while and this is more like blackened progressive death metal which seems pretty interesting if you think about. I give this a 9/10. I am the Grim Reaper , signing off.

Weed Need To Save Lives Professor Ramos Blog

Weed Need To Save Lives Leeana Demchesen English 010 7 November 2018                Weed Need To Save Lives Growing up in my household, any use of weed was looked down upon, and for 18 years, I had held on to this belief. I believed that it had no health benefits and was used strictly as a drug at parties or to venture away from a clear state of mind. Now, I do believe that this drug can be used for the wrong reasons.   However, over the past year, I have begun to develop my own thoughts on marijuana. Marijuana should be taken off Schedule 1, and it should replace other dangerous drugs used in hospitals. The first article I read was written by Dr. Sanjay Gupta, a neurosurgeon, and multiple Emmy award-winning personality. Gupta is also CNN’s Chief Medical Correspondent. The article was published on CNN’s website during the year of 2011. The article title is â€Å"Why I Changed My Mind On Weed.† The article represented a shift in approach by a leading doctor, Dr. Gupta, on Marijuana. Back in 2009, he had written an article titled, â€Å"Why I Would Vote No On Pot.† However, in this current article â€Å"Why I Changed My Mind On Weed,† Gupta goes on to apologize for his lack of research. The Drug Enforcement Agency listed marijuana as a Schedule 1 substance. A schedule 1 substance is defined as â€Å"substances, or chemicals defined as drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse† (dea.gov). However, Gupta says that they did not have the science to support their claim, and that marijuana can be used for medicinal p urposes and is not abusive. He goes on to explain how marijuana can be the only solution in some cases. â€Å"Take the case of Charlotte Figi, who I met in Colorado. She started having seizures soon after birth. By age 3, she was having 300 a week, despite being on seven different medications. Medical marijuana has calmed her brain, limiting her seizures to 2 or 3 per month† (Gupta). Gupta has seen many medical situations like Charlotte’s and describes it as being â€Å"irresponsible† not to provide the best medical care possible, care that may include marijuana. He goes on to say how we have been misled by the United States for   70 years and apologizes for his role in that. In 1970, the Assistant Secretary of Health, Dr. Roger O. Egeberg recommended that marijuana be classified as a Schedule 1 substance. To this day, marijuana is still a Schedule 1 drug.    In continuation of Dr. Gupta’s article, The New York Academy of Science researched marijuana and obtained the following results. They found that marijuana did not lead to significant addiction. Also, they did not find any evidence of marijuana leading to any other addictions such as cocaine, heroin, or morphine. Dr. Gupta goes on to list some statistics of the dependence of drugs. He stated that dependence among adults ranges from 9 to 10%. Cocaine, a schedule 2 substance, meaning it has less abuse potential has a percentage stating that 25% of users become addicted. He goes on to mention how nicotine is addictive as well as the withdrawal symptoms of alcohol. Although Gupta is all for the use of medical marijuana, he mentions his concern about young kids smoking. He states that young developing brains are more easily harmed than developed adult brains. Recent studies suggested that regular use of marijuana can cause a permanent decrease in IQ in teenage years. Gupta we nt on to calculate the U.S. marijuana studies. His results concluded that 6% of studies done are to research the benefits of marijuana, while the rest investigates the potential harm.   Ã‚   The second article I read was written by Isabelle Z. and published on Natural News’ website in the year 2016. The article title is â€Å"Study Proves Medical Marijuana Can Replace Dangerous Pharmaceuticals.† Isabelle starts off by saying that people against medical marijuana claim that if marijuana is legalized, it would lead to drug abuse and have a negative effect on society. However, medical marijuana has been so effective in the medical field, that it’s keeping its patients off of more harmful and addictive painkillers. 2013 was the year that 17 states put medical marijuana laws into place, which was also the year that Medicare reported savings of 165.2 million on medications used for conditions that can be treated by marijuana. Isabella stated that in states with legal medical marijuana, prescriptions were lowered for painkillers by 1,826 less daily doses compared to the states with no laws put into place. These results show that people are using m arijuana for medicinal purposes, not just for recreational purposes. Opioids include dangerous types of painkillers, and marijuana is proving to be a safer alternative. In Isabelles article, she referenced a study where patients with chronic pain using medical marijuana for treatment reported a drop in their use of opioids of 64%. Forty people die each day by overdose on these types of drugs. Anything that steers people away from dangerous medications and painkillers is a good step, no matter one’s feelings towards marijuana.   Ã‚   In the present year of 2018, marijuana legalization has become more and more common. Recreational marijuana is legal in 9 states, and medical marijuana is legal in 30 states. However, Marijuana is still listed as a Schedule 1 Substance. Gupta disagrees with this classification, and so do I. I believe that it should be taken off of Schedule 1. There has been plenty of credible research done here and abroad. Wherever it has been legalized has produced far more positive results than negative results. Most importantly, it has reduced the need for harmful, addictive, and life-threatening painkillers. Opioids are a class of drugs that contain the following: heroin, fentanyl, oxycodone, hydrocodone, codeine, morphine, and many others. These drugs can be extremely addictive, and many overdoses happen. Opioids are meant to control the pain and make you feel sleepy with small doses. However, higher doses will slow breathing and heart rate, causing potential death. The feeling of opio ids may cause pleasure to some, which all in all leads to addiction. Marijuana has the potential to replace these harmful drugs used in the hospital.    To sum it up, I believe that the United States is headed in the right direction with its choices to legalize marijuana. How long will it take the remaining states to realize the benefits of marijuana and all the dangerous opioids it can replace? What more evidence and research do they need? We need to take action and save dangerous addictions, and more importantly, peoples lives. Drug Scheduling. Dea.Gov, 2018, https://www.dea.gov/drug-scheduling. Gupta, Sanjay. Dr. Sanjay Gupta: Why I Changed My Mind On Weed CNN. CNN, 2013. Ogborne, Alan et al. Self-Reported Medical Use Of Marijuana: A Survey Of The General Population. CMAJ, 2000. Accessed 7 Nov 2018. Z, Isabelle. Study Proves Medical Marijuana Can Replace Dangerous Pharmaceuticals. Naturalnews, 2016,

Marketing Project writeup Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Marketing Project writeup - Research Paper Example The larger models, on the other hand, are for bigger lecture halls. There are around 40 Universities and over 20 Colleges in Ontario, not to mention its primary and secondary schools. Among the 40 Universities, 27 of which are government-funded, and are geared towards acquiring the best tools to support the educational system. These will be considered the primary target market of Notedesk company. It will seek to penetrate these universities, and supply Notedesk particularly for Science, Mathematics and Information Technology courses, whose demand for up to date educational tools is high. Notedesk is also available for companies that offer multi media productions in the form of seminars and forums. The aim is to capture the interest of companies outsourcing training programs and even venues for such programs. Notedesk embodies top of the art information technology, and will surely be aligned with these companies’ own marketing strategy, These gadgets will give these companies a new image lift, and although it will prove to be an added investment for these companies, Notedesk guarantees to be great and efficient partner in their quest for better training

Macroeconomics & International Finance for Business Essay

Macroeconomics & International Finance for Business - Essay Example us and significance in the 21st Century, when globalisation and e-commerce-induced technological advancement have rendered corporate existence and future growth subservient on marketing competitive advantages and better skills in a rapidly changing global business environment. There are several factors that could determine a country’s economic progression. It could be as diverse aspects as the availability of roads and infra-structural facilities as the quality of education and the significant technological prowess the country is able to wield in the comity of nations. Resorting to Foreign Direct investments and equity participation of foreign governments or public/ private agencies in investments of government and/or private sectors and also capital repatriation from NRI’s In the context of capital accumulation, the Harrod-Domar Model assumes significance since it is a determinant of the growth rate G. If Y could be represented as GDP and S=Savings, then the growth of savings is determined by GDP-S=SY. The Investments represented by I is an important determinant for the produce as well as increase in capital. Thus, ∆K = ÏÆ'∆Y. Thus, it could be said that for the equilibrium point to be reached, a consensus needs to be made between demand and supply of a country’s produce. Hence I = S. This model is important since the equilibrium growth rate of the output = Ratio of the marginal propensity to save and the capital=output ratio. How the economy is growing is based on the growth of the capacity of the economy to produce as compared with the demand of the produce of the state. If, in this hypothetical instance, the marginal propensity to consume out of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is 0.7, then the marginal propensity to save is 0.3, which is inclusive of all types of savings. The equilibrium growth rate = propensity to save/capital output ratio, and in this case, it would be 0.3/3 or 10% annual growth rate. Thus, the position in this hypothetical

Understanding Your Personal Worldview

Understanding Your Personal Worldview Understanding your personal worldview is important because this is how we assess all aspects of life the world around us and our place in it. The Christian worldview the laws of logic are universal and unchanging because they reflect the nature of the living God. How do people define the terms God, Ethics, and Knowledge? How do the terms affect the daily lives of others? I have found during my worldview search, that these three components play a huge role in how I shape my thoughts experiences, education, and life decisions. My beliefs about the existence and the character of God (Theology), the nature of Knowledge (Epistemology), and discussing the main question is truth relative? In addition I have discussed my beliefs about Ethics (Morality) and who is right and wrong? Who defines right and wrong? Are the moral laws the same for all people in all cultures? It is difficult for the natural man to believe in something he cannot see, touch, or feel (1Cor.2:14).The question for the Christian is solved with the first verse in the Bible. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth (Gen.1:1) the greatest proof in addition to scripture is our daily fellowship in prayer, Gods revelations and our personal experiences. (Psalms 19:1) states The Heavens declare the Glory of God and the firmament shows His handy work. This passage is clearly saying there is no excuse for man not to believe in God, for the beauty and the glory of the Heavens speak loudly saying God exists. Knowledge is possible because of how God has made us. We learn from our senses our experiences, but all true knowledge is ultimately dependent upon God. (Proverbs1:7).The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge: but fools despise wisdom an instruction. Ethics, or that which is good, is a reflection of the character of God. God is the standard of good by which all things are measured, and his standards are revealed through his word. Moral laws are pretty much the same in all cultures, but their moral reasoning can be different depending on the specific culture. But seek first the kingdom of God and His righteousness, and all these things shall be added to you.(Matthew 6:33). The only real ethic is to glorify God by having faith in him and giving his kingdom priority in our lives. God has given us his revelation and to guide us in ethics, in knowing what we should and should not do. The book of Proverbs was given to us to teach us the right conduct. To know wisdom and instruction; to perceive the words of understanding, to receive the instruction of wisdom, justice and judgment, and equity: to give subtlety to the simple, to the young man knowledge and discretion. A wise man will hear, and will increase learning; and a man of understanding shall attain unto wise counsels. The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge: but fools despise wisdom and instruction. Clearly the Bible teaches that truth is absolute and that it exists under the authority and revelation of Jesus Christ. Religion describes our connection to God as the one thing that exists. From this foundation we see the clear connection of how our worldviews are formed. Understanding ones personal and Christian worldviews are important, because they are determining factor of our moral code and ethics, and other beliefs. These worldviews give us a general picture of all reality, which we relate our experiences and knowledge. It helps us to put our daily experiences and choices into clearer prospective. (Cosgrove, p. 28) As a Christian my worldviews are important for my on salvation, for the well-being of my family, for the betterment of my community and workplace. A Christian worldview is powered by knowing the Spirit that lives inside of us is greater than the spirit who lives in the world. I can do no less than to love the Lord thy God with all my heart and soul. The same came for a witness, to bear witness of the light that all men through Him might believe.(1 John 7) Conclusion In conclusion the personal world view is a substantial part of how we relate to life, world events, each other, and helps us determine our part in this introspective living experience. The Christian Worldview and how it supports Christianity, which is necessary in building a relationship with the Living God. People across the world have their individual personal views relating to God, ethics, and knowledge and strive to perfect their religion, which is necessary in building a relationship with the creator.

Observations on Property in Robinson Crusoe and Second Treatise Essay

Observations on Property in Robinson Crusoe and Second Treatise  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         People have been fighting over land and possessions since Adam and Eve left the Garden of Eden. But what actually constitutes the ownership of property? In the eighteenth century John Locke and Daniel Defoe addressed this question. In his Second Treatise, Locke defends the rights of people to property and he explains the basis for obtaining and maintaining dominion over it. In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe suggests a definition of property that concurs in part with Locke's, which indicates that people can claim ownership of property when they have added their labor to some part of it. In addition, Locke stipulates, according to principles of the rational use of creation's bounty, that people can claim as their property only what they can use for their sustenance--without wastefulness. Locke argued also that property owners must leave enough and as good for others to own. But his theory allows for the breaking of limits to ownership through the possession of money, which itself does not spoil or go to waste. Perhaps this view of money is why Crusoe takes it from stranded ships and hoards it even though he has no way to use it for his sustenance. Crusoe apparently (though unknowingly) adheres to a number of other aspects of Lockean theory. At times, however, his sense of ownership seems to go a bit further than what Locke argued for. For example, Crusoe claims ownership over an entire island. Regarding his claim, there are at least two issues to consider. The first one is whether or not the island was already somebody else's property. The second is whether or not the entire island was his since he had not added his labor to the whole of it. Nor did he ne... ...ng Crusoe: Locke's Political Theory in Robinson Crusoe." English Studies: A Journal of English Language and Literature. 69 (1): 27-36. Curtis, Laura. The Versatile Defoe. London: George Prior, 1979. Defoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. New York: Bantam, 1981. Donaghue, Frank. "Enevitable Politics: Rulership and Identity in Robinson Crusoe." Studies in the Novel 27 (1): 1-11. Kramer, Matthew H. John Locke and the Origins of Private Property. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997. Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government, the Works of John Locke. Vol.5. London: Thomas Teggs, 1823. Novak, Maximillian E. Realism, Myth, and History in Defoe's Fiction. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1983. Wood, Neal. The Politics of Locke's Philosphy. Berkeley: U of California P, 1983. Woodward, Ralph L. Robinson Crusoe's Island. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1969.   

When Some Cities Tend to Modernize and Others Tend to Conserve Traditionalism?

Introduction It can happen that sometimes you have a personal dispute with a family member, friend or neighbour, or a legal dispute involving business. There are three main ways as alternatives to going to court to resolve a dispute in China: negotiation, mediation and arbitration, they are ADR. ADR means â€Å"Alternative Dispute Resolution† and it refers to various processes, commonly used in civil law tradition, which have in common the aim of a better communication between the parties during a dispute and the saving in managerial and legal time, expense and worry (Bevan, 1992).We can clearly distinguish the advantages of the ADR, comparing to the formal dispute settlement at court. ADR processes are quicker, as they can be arranged within days or weeks rather than months or years (example of one case in litigation). They are also less expensive, as earlier settlements save managerial time and they are confidential. They are voluntary, which means that the parties are free to walk out every time without interfering the legal procedures and their rights (Bevan, 1992). Mediation, one of the most used ADR, involves a neutral third party, called a mediator, to help the disputing parties to reach an agreement.Mediation in China has been existed in China for more than 2,000 years. It was used in the Western Zhou Dynasty (1146 BC-771 BC) and then used during the Qin Dynasty (221 BC-207 BC). There was always a preference for mediation throughout all the history of Imperial China. The mediation system and the legal system were developed together after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. People's Mediation Committees appeared during this period, helping local people to resolve civil disputes and to preserve harmony in the society.However, the Mao's economic reforms have brought some physical and social changes of the Chinese cities. Reforms have promoted the development of the legal system and other formal legal institutions. They have also permitted more individual freedoms, since the decentralization of the political control. Moreover, the fast-growing economic developments, the modernization and the Westernization have led to the apparition of new cities which advocate the ideas of individualism, competition and private space, ideas totally at the opposite of the Chinese traditional culture which advocates he social harmony in community and society. In my essay, I will try to answer to this question: To what extent the role of the People's mediation committees in China now is still significant when some cities tend to modernize and others tend to conserve traditionalism? First, I will present the evolution of the traditional Chinese legal system to the contemporary Chinese legal system. Second, I will focus on the case of mediation, one Alternative Dispute Resolution, and the People's Mediation Committees.And finally, I will explore the importance of the teachings of Confucianism in the evolution of mediation. I. From traditional Chinese legal system to contemporary Chinese legal system Chinese history, even in the last century, has gone through several events which have affected the development of its judicial system. Conscious that traditional Chinese law was backward and that a Western legal system, more modern, would improve a lot the development of Chinese society, Mao attempted to establish a modern legal system based on rules and law in 1949 (Utter, 1987).The Communist Party recruited first former nationalists, who knew all about the Western legal systems: â€Å"To staff the new legal system, the Communists retained a number of legal specialists who had worked for the Nationalists, primarily because the Communists did not have within their own ranks people with skills and knowledge to run a complex legal system†, but they were completely â€Å"politically unreliable and elitist† (Utter, 1987).The Party then replaced them by â€Å"new cadres† selected for their political allegiance to the Mao government, and not for their abilities in legal system, â€Å"[t]he new cadres lacked legal skills and knowledge† (Utter, 1987). This decision of the Chinese Mao’s government influenced the development of the legal system. They were convinced that complex processes were only burdens to the modernization of the legal system, so they developed a system easily understandable and accessible to the people:During the first few years of the communist party, the â€Å"new cadres† helped to establish law codification commissions, judicial and police structures. Law schools opened and some legal books were published. In 1954, the first Chinese constitution which established a tripartite governmental design consisting of the supreme people’s courts, the supreme people’s procuracy, and the state council, all responsible to the standing committee of the national people’s congress, was introduced (Utter, 1987).However in 1 957, the improvements of the Chinese legal system began to stop: During the anti-rights movement, the communist party’s sentiment towards the need for a â€Å"modern† legal system changed dramatically. Many specialists were removed from their posts and then attacked and denounced for the very policies they were initially retained to develop. Law schools were closed and plans for further codification were terminated. The communist party went as far as to undo and supplant existing laws as well as to replace the role of the courts and procuracy with public security bureaus (Utter, 1987).After Mao’s death in 1978, during the â€Å"Four modernizations† (in industry, agriculture, national defence, science and technology in Chine), the new government of Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997) established the 1978 Constitution, which restored the emergence of lawyers, law schools and legal publications. Finally, with the promulgation of the 1990 Procedural Law of Administrati ve Litigation and the 1991 Civil Procedure Law, Chinese legal system significantly evolved to a more structured system. Even with all these progress, mediation remains the most used dispute resolution process.The 1989 legislation, that placed the people’s mediation committees under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice, allowed the modern mediation system to be more independent, professional and efficient. Many cases are diverted from the courts and passed on mediation committees: [T]he mediation committees have settled cases covering a wide variety of topics such as divorce, inheritance, parental and child support, alimony, debts, real property, production, and torts, as well as other civil and economic disputes and criminal misdemeanour cases.They have also played an important role in preventing crime, reducing litigation in the courts, enhancing the people’s unity, and promoting social stability. Over seven million disputes are satisfactorily resolved through the use of mediation each year in China, far surpassing the number of cases brought to Chinese courts (Ge, 1996). However, this support of mediation retarded the development of judicial law and the implement of existing laws because the mediation procedure is based on local beliefs of fairness and communist ideas. The adoption of the 1991 Code of Civil Procedure affirmed the commitment to mediation of China’s government.Mediation and the People’s Mediation Committee In the Chinese legal system, dispute settlements can be classified into two different categories: formal dispute settlement (at courts) and informal dispute settlement or alternative dispute resolution (ADR) (negotiation, mediation and arbitration). ADR has long existed in China and traditionally been preferred to the courts for many reasons. Mediation, as one of the different means of dispute resolution, is widely practised in China. To define it, mediation is â€Å"an effort by a third party to encourage parties to a dispute to voluntarily reach an agreement to resolve their dispute†.There are currently various types of mediation in China: civil mediation, judicial mediation, administrative mediation and arbitration mediation. Civil mediation is also known as the People’s mediation, by People’s Mediation Committees, outside the court. I will focus on it further in the essay. Compared with judicial mediation, People’s mediation offers a more amicable way to resolve disputes and to avoid many disadvantages of judicial mediation, like the rigidity of the judges and mediators in the mediation process. It is used by People’s Mediation Committees which help parties voluntarily reach an agreement.People’s Mediation Committees (PMCs) are, with courts, the most largely known institutions for dispute resolution in China. They are informal mediation institutions, which have been existed in China for centuries, allowing people to avoid a legal system an d court procedures which have always been subjects of fear in the society. Article 111 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China states that â€Å"People’s Mediation Committees are a working committee under grassroots autonomous organizations – Residents Committee, Villagers Committee – whose mission is to mediate civil disputes† China’s Judiciary, http://www. china. org. cn). They were established in the early years of the foundation of People’s Republic of China in 1949 and of its legal system and helped to maintain social control, to resolve non-class-struggle disputes and to conserve harmony: Mediation â€Å"serves to articulate and apply the ideological principles, values and programs of the Chinese Communist Party and helps to mobilize China’s people to increase their commitment to party policies and goals.Rather than settling disputes between individuals, mediation also serves to suppress such disputes, whic h are regarded as harmful social conflict that interferes with the construction of a strong socialist China (Utter, 1987). They appeared again in the late 1970s and early 1980s after the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), with the China's 1982 Constitution, as a way to resolve minor disputes involving families, villages, workplaces and neighbourhoods, or to facilitate parties to find resolution to disputes before reaching court, a process of mediation which still continues today (Clarke, 1991).Excepted the period of the Cultural Revolution, PMCs have traditionally been praised by the press, as we can see in the following citation: The current system of people’s mediation†¦is a great creation in the construction of our country’s socialist legal system, it is a legal system with Chinese characteristics, and it is an important component of our country’s judicial system†¦ [I]t plays an immense role in resolving contradictions among the people, strengthening unity and friendship among the people and promoting socialist material and spiritual civilization†¦[I]t has received praise in international jurisprudential circles and has been called â€Å"the most distinctive system of the Chinese judicial system†. (Mediation Compendium, 1990) People’s Mediation Committees are typical in the contemporary Chinese society in the dispute settlements within neighbourhoods. Their mission, states by the Article 5 of the Regulations for the Organization of People’s Mediation Committees, is â€Å"to mediate civil disputes and, through such mediation, publicize laws, regulations, rules and policies and educate citizens to abide by laws and respect† (China’s Judiciary, http://www. china. org. cn).PMCs are today institutionalized under the direction of the local government department of justice, they are non-governmental organizations and supplement to the judicial system. People’s Mediations Committees are set up by local residential community in villages, workplaces and in regional or professional organizations to handle civil matters and small criminal matters. It is composed of individuals from the community who are believed to be fair and impartial. They are generally selected for 3 years and remunerated by the government for their services as mediator. Mediation by People’s Mediation Committees is completely free of charge. The procedure is more transparent and more institutionalized today. During the mediation, a mediation agreement, which can be in written and/or oral forms, is reached by both parties.This mediation agreement signed by both parties must clearly provide information on facts, resolution methods and enforcement in relation to the dispute. Article 20 of the Several Opinions issued in 2009 states that â€Å"for an agreement in the nature of a civil contract reached through mediation by an administrative organ, a people’s mediation organization, a commerc ial mediation organization, an industrial mediation organization or any other organization with a mediation function, the parties may apply to the people’s court having jurisdiction for confirming validity of such an agreement after the mediation organization and mediator affix their signatures or seals to it†. This judicial confirmation of settlement agreement is a method to improve the enforcement of a mediation agreement.To request this confirmation, parties to the dispute can apply to the people’s court within a period of 30 days by submitting the mediation agreement and a letter of commitment signed by both parties and responded to the two following statements: â€Å"Both parties voluntarily reach the agreement for the purpose of resolving disputes and have no act of malicious collusion or circumvention of law; and if any damage is caused to any other person due to the content of this agreement, both parties are willing to bear the corresponding civil liabi lity and other legal liabilities. † (Wei & Ying, 2011b). If the court validates the mediation agreement, the court can oversee the enforcement of the agreement. If it doesn’t validate the agreement, parties to the dispute can file for lawsuit at the court. The court decision validity of the agreement becomes effective when the court’s decision is communicated to both parties.If a party rejects the decision of the court, the other party may apply to the people’s court for enforcement (Wei & Ying, 2011b). If we take a look at the figures, it is estimated that at the end of 2010, there were 818,100 People’s Mediation Committees, 4,668,900 mediators who resolved more than 8,418,400 cases of mediation, with a success rate of resolution of disputes of 97% (Wei & Ying, 2011a). The teachings of Confucius closely linked to the mediation For decades, Confucian philosophy has been the foundation of the Chinese culture. Its fundamental values structured all the aspects of the Chinese society. Today, the mediation is founded on the principles of Confucian philosophy and Maoist thought. (China Insight issue 2010, http://chinainsight. info/).Two important principles of the Confucianism laid the foundations of the mediation: the principle of Li, which supposes the preservation of natural harmony and the principle of Rang, which supposes the compromise or the yielding to others in resolution of disputes. Moreover, mediation is a mean of â€Å"educating people and implementing Communist party policy†, based on the Maoist principles. China has been one of the world's most committed nations in the use of mediation to resolve disputes. One other reason of that is the troubled court system in China. There are corruption among judges, a lack of meaning qualifications to become a judge and an inaccessibility of published codes and case law. Mediation in China is a natural â€Å"outgrowth of traditional, family-centred support systems and its principles are based on the ethical teachings of Confucius† (Pierce, 1994).The Confucian ethics are based on â€Å"social harmony, moderation, respect for authority, humility, benevolence and so on in contrast to the Western mediation which endorses an individualistic utilitarian value system of fairness, justice, equality, equity and autonomy† (Jia, Ma, Yang, 2009). The respect of the family structures the relations between individuals and the life in community. Therefore, harmony (he), relations among people (guanxi), face (mianzi) and yielding to others (rang), which are major concepts underlying the Confucianism, play an important role in the process of mediation in China and are reflected in Chinese social interaction and conflict resolution. In order to understand how the concepts from the Confucian philosophy are important in the process of mediation in China, I will focus on these different notions.In the Chinese culture, harmony is one of the most important val ues. Chinese people are convinced that harmony is the universal path that everybody should pursue because â€Å"only when harmony is reached and prevails throughout heaven and earth can all things be nourished and flourish† (Legge, 1995). To the Chinese, conflicts are considered more like detractors from harmony rather than problems of communication. Chinese people therefore are only aiming to establish a conflict free interpersonal and social relationship (Chen ; Chung, 1994). The conflict prevention in China is maintained by the principle of li (rites). â€Å"Li refers to norms and rules of proper behaviours in a social context.It is an external means to achieve the ideal state of harmony by showing a feeling of respect or reverence to others† (Chen ; Xiao, 1993). Mediation is mainly based on the li principle. As we know, mediation is an alternative dispute resolution with the priority of a mutual respect and harmony between the two parties during the process. It is also based on the rang principle. Chinese people know how to yield to the other party to end a conflict, in order to keep the relationship â€Å"guanxi†. The harmony pursued in a dispute resolution is supported by two traditional notions: guanxi and mianzi. During the mediation, both parties are trying to reduce the negative impact of conflicts in order to save face and to keep the guanxi.Guanxi means the relationships between two parties. It gives some specific communication rules and patterns in order to avoid an embarrassing encounter or serious dispute. It is deeply connected to the mianzi. Mianzi refers to â€Å"the projected image of ourselves in a relationship network† (Ting-Toomey, 1988). It supposes a mutual respect from the parties to save faces because any conscious act of making the other party to lose face will damage their own image and destruct the relationship. â€Å"It represents our social position and prestige gained from the successful performance of our specific social roles that are well recognized by other members in the society† (Hu, 1944).To conclude, due to the accent heavily put on the harmony, Chinese people have recourse to a mediator to help them to resolve dispute. Conclusion For more than 2,000 years, China has used mediation as its major form of dispute resolution. It has long been recognized that the â€Å"Chinese legal system has been one the world’s most committed institutions in the use of mediation to resolve disputes and a leader in developing ways to maximize its benefits and effectiveness† (Colatrella, 2000). In the traditional China, the popularity of mediation came from the fact that it is grounded on traditional Confucian values, such as social harmony and compromise in resolving disputes. It aims to limit costs and time to resolve civil disputes involving neighbours, families or colleagues.Even during the Maoist period, mediation continued to be largely used in the conflict resolut ion. The Confucian principles and the mediation process were mainly used by the Communist Party as a means of control of the masses and of promotion of social harmony, with the assistance of People's Mediation Committees (Colatrella, 2000). During the many years of economic reform, China has encountered important changes in its culture and society, as well as in its ways of resolve disputes. In Mao era (1949-1976), the dispute resolution institutions were enhanced through reforms which established a code of civil law and officially institutionalized commissions.Because of the weakness of courts in China (costly, inefficient, long and not confidential), institutions like People’s Mediation Committees are extremely important in dispute resolution. Today, while China is entering in an era of modernization, mediation is still largely used in China, as it is usually preferred by the Chinese people over formal dispute settlements for its saving in cost and time and for its deep imp regnation in Confucian and Maoist philosophy. Bibliography Bevan, Alexander, Alternative Dispute Resolution, London Sweet & Maxwell, 1992. Chen G. M. , & Chung, J,  «Ã‚  The impact of Confucianism on organizational communication  Ã‚ ». Communication Quarterly, 1994. Chen, G. M. & Xiao, X-S,  «Ã‚  The impact of â€Å"harmony† on Chinese negotiations  Ã‚ ». Paper presented at the annual convention of the Speech Communication Association, Miami Beach, Florida, November 1993. Clarke, Donald C. ,  «Ã‚  Dispute Resolution In China  Ã‚ » in Journal of Chinese Law, Vol. 5, 1991, 245-296. Colatrella, Michael T , Jr. , â€Å"Court Performed† Mediation in the People’s Republic of China: A Proposed Model to Improve the United States Federal District Courts’ Mediation Programs, Ohio, 2000. Chen, G. M. & Starosta, W. J. , â€Å"Chinese Conflict Management and Resolution: Overview and Implications†, Intercultural Communication Studies VII, N. 1, 1997. http://www. trinity. du/org/ics/ics%20issues/ics%20vii/ics-vii-1-chen. pdf Ge, Jun. Mediation, Arbitration and Litigation: Dispute Resolution in the People’s Republic of China, UCLA, 1996. Gudykunst, Theories in intercultural communication, Newbury Park, CA, 1988. Hu, H. C. , The Chinese concept of â€Å"face. † American Anthropology, 1944. Jia, Wenshan. Ma, Yun & Yang, Libin. â€Å"The Current Status of Mediation in Building and Sustaining Social Harmony in Rural China: A Case Study of Xunyang County, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China†, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the NCA 94th Annual Convention, TBA, San Diego, CA, 2009. Laeuchli, Urs Martin, â€Å"Negotiations and other ADR with the Chinese†, http://www. nadn. rg/articles/Lauechli-NEGOTIATIONSANDADRWITHTHECHINESE. pdf , last accessed 19 May 2012. Legge, J. , The Four Book, Taipei: Wen Yo, 1995. Mealey-Loahmann, Linda.  «Ã‚  Using mediation to resolve disputes – Differences between Chi na and the United States  Ã‚ », issue of China Insight, 28 May 2010. http://chinainsight. info/culture/chinese-3/526-using-mediation-to-resolve-disputes—differences-between-china-and-the-united-states-. html, accessed 20 May 2012. Pierce, L. D. , â€Å"Mediation Prospers in China†, Dispute Resolution Journal, June 1994, Vol. 49 Issue 2, pp. 19-21 Renmin Tiaojie Shiyong Daquan (Practical Compendium of People’s Mediation), Liu Zhitao ed. , 1990. [hereinafter ‘Mediation Compendium’].Several Opinions of the Supreme People's Court on Establishing a Sound Conflict and Dispute Resolution Mechanism that Connects Litigation and Non-litigation, effective from 24 July, 2009 [hereinafter ‘Several Opinions’]. Ting-Toomey, S. , Intercultural conflict style: A face-negotiation theory. Issue from China’s Judiciary, Mediation system, http://www. china. org. cn/english/Judiciary/31185. htm, accessed 19 May 2012. Utter, Justice Robert F. , Tribut e: Dispute Resolution in China, Washington, pp. 387-391, 1987. Wei, He and Ying, Zeng, â€Å"Extra-judicial Mediation System and Practice (Part I of II)†, Issue of King ; Wood China Bulletin, July 2011a

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 1449 Words

Since the first efforts to legalize marijuana in the 1960s, Americans have become progressively more accepting of requests to liberalize laws restricting possession and use of marijuana, but the shift has not been a straight line. After 11 states decriminalized marijuana possession in the 1970s, recoil led by suburban parents led too much harsher implementation of drug laws. But since California legalized medical marijuana in 1996, outlooks toward the drug have relaxed significantly.(A Brief History of Public Opinion on Marijuana Legalization.) For marijuana supporters, the last 12 months have been a period of unparalleled success, as Washington and Colorado become the first states to legalize recreational use of marijuana. And now for the first time, a clear majority of Americans say the drug should be legalized. This is a sharp contrast from a Gallup poll asked in 1969, when only 12% favored legalization.( For First Time, Americans Favor Legalizing Marijuana.) Public support for le galization of marijuana has doubled since the 1970s and is continuing to develop. An ample percentage of Americans this year disclosed to having tried the drug, which may be an adding factor to greater acceptance.( For First Time, Americans Favor Legalizing Marijuana.) Success at the ballot box in the past year in Colorado and Washington may have improved Americans’ acceptance for marijuana legalization. Support for legalization has leaped 10 percentage points since last November andShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that marijua na is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. 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In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. 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The fact that marijuana is illegal is mainly caused by the amount of money, jobs, and pride invested in the drug war. Once the government starts anything, they stick to it. At